Criminology and the Humanities
The increased scrutiny of police in recent years presents a difficult question: How can we create a more intelligent form of criminal justice? This book argues an infusion of the humanities into the criminal justice curriculum can accomplish what no other form of training can: the cultivation of criminal justice professionals whose physical strength is matched by mental and ethical strength. By bringing students to wrestle with the conceptual problems involved in crime and justice as represented in classical literary and philosophical works, a humanistic criminal justice education can bring law enforcement agents to think deeply about their enterprise before - rather than after - action must be taken in a high-pressure situation out on the street. Understanding the ancient artistic and philosophical origins of modern forms of crime and justice, moreover, can help academics reconnect the social science of criminology with the social problems that prompted it in the first place. In other words, the humanities can help us ensure the enterprise of criminal justice is worthy enough to merit the immense power society bestows upon it.
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Overview
The past few decades of criminology have been an age of integration. The totalizing methodological disputes of the twentieth century (waged among biological, psychological, and sociological theories of crime) have been set aside in favor of a more holistic view of criminological theories as various tools in the toolkit of understanding and preventing crime. This book argues that the next phase of integration in criminology will be – or could be – with the humanities. The movement is already underway with the (re)turn to qualitative, philosophical, rational analysis in the neoclassical school, in venues like the Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology, in calls to bring the liberal arts into “Introduction to Criminal Justice” courses, and in the emergence of unorthodox (non-scientific, non-academic, non-argumentative) approaches to criminology such as “cultural criminology,” “popular criminology,” and “public criminology.” By considering these recent innovations in light of the literary and philosophical pre-history of criminology, this book maps out the role of the Humanities in both the past and the future of criminology.
I also argue that the humanities can bring greater self-consciousness to criminal justice as a discipline and to those who practice it. On the level of the discipline, the humanities can help criminology better understand its own history which can, in turn, help a criminology prone to scientism reconnect with the complex social problems that prompted the field in the first place: the humanities can help criminology be more political. On the level of the practitioner, the humanities can help criminal justice professionals generally prone to action rather than contemplation develop skills of analytical and ethical reasoning: the humanities can help criminologists be more thoughtful. By being more analytical and more political, criminology will be better positioned to understand and prevent crime.
Chapter One
Before Criminology
Criminologists were not the first to theorize crime, its causes, and the best policies for prevention. Centuries – indeed millennia – before nineteenth-century Europeans first used the scientific method to theorize crime, it was addressed in systematic ways – not scientifically, but rationally – by earlier writers in the Western tradition, especially philosophers. It is well-known that late-nineteenth-century criminologists such as Lombroso, Garafolo, and Ferri (the first to use the moniker “criminologists”) were responding with science to social problems articulated (with reason rather than science) by earlier writers such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. It is less well-known that these criminologists were responding to questions about crime and justice that had been posed in the classical age by philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and Seneca; in the middle ages by Boethius, Augustine, and Aquinas; and in the early-modern age by thinkers including Machiavelli, Montaigne, Bacon, Hobbes, Diderot, Helvetius, Montesquieu, Hume, and Kant. Can we tell the story of criminology in such a way that the moderns are understood not to have invented something new, but to have done something old in a new way? Can we define criminology so that the modern form of the field (which emphasizes academic, scientific, empirical, and quantitative analysis) can be understood as just that: the modern form of a field which has other forms both temporally (classical vs. modern) and methodologically (scientific vs. humanistic)?
Chapter Two
Literature and Criminology
This chapter theorizes the field of Criminology and Literature. These disciplines belong to different worlds—the social sciences and the humanities—yet crime is one of literature’s central concerns and, like criminology, literature often explores the sociological and psychological contexts of crime. Thus, thinkers building criminological theories have frequently found inspiration in literary texts and terminology—from earlier figures like Cesare Lombroso, Sigmund Freud, and Erving Goffman to recent movements such as Cultural Criminology, Public Criminology, and Narrative Criminology. Uncovering the literary aspects of criminology and the criminological concerns of literature, this essay calls for further integration of scientific and artistic studies of crime. It surveys the rise of the field of Criminology and Literature, its theoretical basis, the forms it takes, and future directions and questions, including the need for empirical research on the effectiveness of this enterprise. Ultimately, it argues that literary studies unlock an imagination lacking in criminology, while criminology offers literary critics pathways to power amidst a crisis in the humanities.
Chapter Three
The Word Criminology: A Philology and a Definition
This chapter looks into the past of the field as a way to think about its future. I take a philological approach to the word criminology, looking at its etymology and history, to argue for a new definition of the field: Criminology is the systematic study of crime, criminals, criminal law, criminal justice, and criminalization. I expand and explain this definition with respect to some common and (I argue) misguided dictates of criminology as it is traditionally understood. Specifically, I argue that criminology is usually but not necessarily academic and scientific, which means that criminology can be public and/or humanistic. I arrive at these thoughts by presenting some early English instances of the word criminology which predate the attempt to theorize a field of criminology in Italy and France in the 1880s, and I offer some new readings of those Italian and French texts. These philological analyses then come into conversation with some twentieth-century attempts to define the field and some twenty-first-century innovations in an effort to generate a definition of criminology that is responsive to the diversity of criminology in both its original formation and its ongoing transformations. Thus, the virtue of this new understanding of criminology is its inclusiveness: It normalizes unorthodox criminological research, which opens up new possibilities for jobs and funding in the name of criminology, which holds the promise of new perspectives on crime, new theories of criminology, and new policies for prevention and treatment.
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